Diabetes mellitus is a pathology related to the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a disorder of the glucose assimilation process.The violation develops due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin-the hormone responsible for its processing.In a patient with diabetes, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a persistent increase of glucose in plasma.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: salt, salt, carbohydrate, protein, fat, mineral.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes mellitus belongs to common diseases.It is detected in almost 6% of the world's population.
The Causes of Diabetes
The reasons for the development of first and second type diabetes patients are different in patients.The first type of disease is detected in young patients under thirty.Infringement of insulin production occurs when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmune genesis.With it, there is a destruction of ß cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection.Most of the time, epidemic mumps, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also develop after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, some medications.
These substances contribute to a violation of the immune response and the occurrence of autoimmune reactions.The effect of altered immunological cells on pancreatic langerrangles islands causes their death.In this sense, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when over 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all cells to insulin occurs.The insulin level in the plasma is normal or increased, but the cells do not perceive it.There are most of these patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance arises for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.These patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer from them, the probability of inheritance of predisposition to it increases to 70%.
- Obesity.With a large amount of adipose tissue in the body, its insulin sensitivity decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the predominance of simple carbohydrates and the lack of fiber in food, the risk of diabetes increases.
- Cardiovascular pathology.Severe forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension lead to an increase in insulin resistance of the tissue.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the level of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Taking some drugs.The group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of anti -hypertensive drugs, cytostetic.
- Chronic adrenal cortex insufficiency.This disease increases the risk of resistance to tissue insulin.
As a result, glucose penetration in cells decreases and its blood level increases.
Diabetes symptoms
- insatiable headquarters;
- rapid urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- General weakness;
- Smaller skin lesions are slowly healed;
- vomit;
- constant nausea;
- The smell of acetone of the patient;
- Breathing duties;
- heartbeat;
- Skin itching;
- rapid weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reducing visual acuity.
When these signals appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to test the blood sugar level.
Types of diabetes
The pathology, depending on the causes, is divided into various types.The following types of disease are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with the lack of insulin production in the body.This is a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in tissues.Its lack of this occurs due to damage to pancreas beta cells due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against the body's own tissues.This situation occurs after viral infections, severe stress, the effects of other adverse factors.
The disease usually occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden beginning.Its symptoms are pronounced as cells are rapidly in a state of hunger.A very high level of glucose is detected, usually reaches up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A variety of 1 variant of the disease is considered lida diabetes.It is autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults, with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical decrease in blood insulin and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood there is an excess level of this hormone.Body cells will lose sensitivity to the action of a substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.About 90% of all individuals identified with diabetes are patients with the second type of disease.This version of diabetes usually develops in people with obesity after 40 years.
Among concomitant diseases are detected: atherosclerosis, hypertension.The disease has a gradual beginning.Its symptoms are scarce.The glucose level increases moderately.Antibodies are not detected for pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the patient's late appeals to the doctor when the complications appeared.
Diabetes Complications
Acute and chronic complications separate from the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require emergency hospitalization.This includes the following states:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the level of glucose is strongly reduced.It occurs with an overdose of insulin, premature meal, physical tension.The patient is hungry, a feeling of shaking in his hands, dizziness, sweating, aggression.So consciousness is broken.
- Ketatosis.With it, the level of glucose is growing.It does not enter the cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition is manifested by a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.The confusion appears, drowsiness.
- Hyperosmolar.It is characterized by an increase in blood glucose with general dehydration.
- Coma Acidotic de Lactatat.The condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular system disorders due to oxygen hunger.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need immediate medical care.
In late complications, lesions of the vascular and nervous system are observed.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive defeat of blood vessels.Extends to the vessels of any caliber.Microangiopathies cause the appearance of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroagiopathy is impressive in the vessels of the heart, brain and arteries of the lower extremities.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If this disorder is suspicious, the following studies will be prescribed:
- blood glucose level;
- Urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- Glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- Peptide C in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, a kidney ultrasound scan, brain EEG, reoencephalography and the rear vessels of the legs are prescribed.
Diabetes treatment
The execution of the doctor's prescriptions should be observed strictly.Blood sugar and drug treatment are performed with this disease for a lifetime.These measures decrease the pathological process and prevent complications.
Pathology treatment implies a decrease in blood glucose as well as the normalization of metabolism and prevents the development of complications.
Diabetes diet
Diatotherapy is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account body weight, age, level of physical activity.The patient is taught the principle of calculating the caloric content of the dishes, should contain the necessary number of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you can't eat |
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* The table features an incomplete product list.To compile a correct and complete diet, consult a specialist.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to remove products that quickly increase blood glucose concentration.This is a high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce the total calories content.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories spent.
- It is necessary to observe six pillars of diet.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to a diet, that alone allows you to improve the patient's condition.In a light form of the disease, only the correction of power is ignored.
It is preferable to use low calorie foods.They should be rich in protein, vegetable fibers and eating fibers.
Limited products containing a large amount of animal fats, fast carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is performed according to the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels control systematically.Insulins are produced in three types: short, prolonged, intermediate action.
The prolonged drug is administered once a day.Compliance with an individually selected scheme for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows you to obtain compensation for the disease.
Self -control level of blood glucose
The self -control of blood glucose content is performed daily.Modern glycometers allow you to do this anywhere - at home and at work at a convenient moment.The device helps to elaborate a balanced diet, develop a physical activity plan, determine insulin time and medicines.The measurement reveals hypoglycemia and helps maintain the concentration of glucose to normal.
Saharasses
Pushi sugar agents in tablets are prescribed for second type diabetes as an addition to a diet.Such groups are distinguished:
- Sulfonylmochevines- Stimulate the secretion of pancreatic insulin, facilitate glucose penetration in cells;
- Biguanides- Reduce glucose absorption in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- Reduce sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors- Decreases the growth of sugar levels, inactivating enzymes for starch absorption;
- Thiazolidindo- Reduce the amount of released sugar from liver cells, improve cell susceptibility to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to control the patient's health and condition in order to avoid marked changes in glucose levels.
Diabetes prevention
Diabetes patients need to be constantly observed with an endocrinologist-election will help organize the right lifestyle, diet and treatment needed.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase body resistance to infections, and patients with a type II do not allow the development of obesity.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is classified as serious diseases.In the absence of treatment, serious complications develop that threaten life.If sugar symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor and not self -assemble.